| Table of contents |
Chapter 1
Background Context to the Humanitarian, Developmental and Security Challenges in Nigeria's North East 1
1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 Geographic Location and Basic Demographic Dynamics 2
1.2.1 National and State Level Demographic Structure 2
1.2.2 North East Geography and Demographics 4
1.3 The Historical and Political Background of the North East 5
1.4 Some Background to Each of the North-East States 6
1.4.1 Adamawa State 7
1.4.2 Bauchi State 8
1.4.3 Borno State 9
1.4.4 Gombe State 10
1.4.5 Taraba State 11
1.4.6 Yobe State 12
1.5 Land Degradation and Loss of Livelihoods 13
1.6 Religious Contests and Anti-Western Influence in the North East 14
1.6.1 The Abiding Influence of the 19th Century 'Jihad' 14
1.6.2 The Quest for a Puritanical Brand of Islam in the Post-colonial Era 15
1.6.3 Rebellion Against Western Education and Influence 15
1.6.4 The Failed Promise of Western Education 16
1.6.5 The Colonial Principle of Indirect Rule and Religious Contest 16
1.6.6 The Effects of Latter-day Calls for a Universal Jihad 16
1.7 Proliferation of Arms and Ammunition 17
1.8 The Emergence of Boko Haram 17
1.9 Conclusion 18
Chapter 2:An Assessment of the Root Causal Factors of the Crisis 19
2.1 Introduction 20
2.2 Poverty, Deprivation and Low Human Development 20
2.2.1 Rising Poverty and Income Inequality 20
2.2.2 High Levels of Multiple Deprivation 21
2.2.3 Low Human Development 24
2.3 Unemployment and Underemployment 26
2.4 Perceived Systematic Exclusion and Structural Inequality 29
2.5 Use of Religion as a Tool for Economic and Political Mobilisation 30
2.6 Conclusion 32
Chapter 3:The Making of a Complex and Multidimensional Humanitarian Crisis in Nigeria’s
North East Region 33
3.1 Introduction 34
3.2 Violence, Loss of Lives and Destruction of Property 34
3.2.1 Maiduguri as a Case Study 36
3.3 A Spectre of Internal Displacement within Host Communities 39
3.4 Food Insecurity, Malnutrition Crisis and Loss of Livelihoods 40
3.4.1 The Emergence of Food Insecurity 41
3.4.2 A Malnutrition Crisis 43
3.4.3 Insecurity, Bureaucratic Bottlenecks and Logistical Challenges 43
3.5 Crisis in the Health Sector 44
3.6 The Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Crisis 46
3.6.1 Water 46
3.6.2 Sanitation and Hygiene 47
3.7 The Educational Crisis 48
3.7.1 Educational Crisis in Maiduguri, Borno is Apical 49
3.7.2 Severe and Diverse Impacts on Education Across the North East 50
3.7.3 Education in Favour of Male Children 51
3.7.4 Some Promising Initiatives for Education in the North East 51
3.8 The Crisis of Shelter and Accommodation 51
3.8.1 The Sad Tale of 'Secondary' Displacement 52
3.9 Conclusion: A Proper Multi-Dimensional Crisis 54
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2018 ACHIEVING HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IN NORTH EAST NIGERIA
Chapter 4: Journeying Towards a 'New Way of Working': A Framework Model for Achieving
Rehabilitation, Re-Integration and Sustainable Development 55
4.1 In Search of Models that Deliver 56
4.1.1 The UNs 'New Way of Working 56
4.2 Theoretical Underpinnings of the Proposed Nexus Response Framework 56
4.2.1 Conceptualising the Analytical Framework 56
4.2.2 Understanding Why People Engage Violence 57
4.3 Fitting the Violence Motivation Theories into the Boko Haram Insurgency 58
4.3.1 Resistance to Foreign Western Education 58
4.3.2 Resistance Against Cultural Domination 59
4.3.3 The Defence and Promotion of Sacred Islamic Values 59
4.3.4 Movement Against Blocked Opportunities 60
4.3.5 Movement Against Perceived Historical Marginalization 60
4.3.6 Protest against Governance Deficit and Perceived State Failure 61
4.4 Support Systems and Identity Framework of Perpetrators and Enablers 62
4.4.1 The Internal Support System and Enablers of Boko Haram 62
4.4.2 The External Enabling Environment and Support System for Boko Haram 63
4.4.3 Availability and Easy Access to Foreign Arms and Munitions as Enablers 64
4.5 A Proposed Conceptual, Analytical and Response Framework 64
4.5.1 Unpacking the Humanitarian-Development - Peace Nexus 65
4.5.2 Humanitarian Assistance Pillar 65
4.5.3 Development Pillar 66
4.5.4 Peace and Security Pillar 66
4.6 The 'Plus 5' Guiding Principles 67
4.6.1 Good Governance as the Irreducible Nexus Core 67
4.6.2 Partnerships and Capacity Building 68
4.6.3 Ensuring Predictable Funding and Sustainable Financing 68
4.6.4 Environmental Sustainability 69
4.6.4 Deeper and Granular Analytics 69
4.7 Proposed Models for Addressing Violence Motivation Factors and Unpacking the Nexus 70
4.7.1 The Insurgency Quantum Factor (IQF) 70
4.7.2 Integrated Framework for Unpacking and Operationalising the Nexus 72
4.8 Conclusions 72
Technical Notes and Data Sources 74
Statistical Annexes 83
Annex 1: Human Development Index and it’s Components 83
Annex 2: Inequality Adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) 84
Annex 3: Multi-dimensional Poverty Index (MPI) and its Components 85
Annex 4: Gender Inequality Index and its Components 86
List of Refences 87
Table 1.1: Population and Ethnic Diversity of the Six States in North-Eastern
Nigeria 5
Table 1.2: Percent land use in Northern Nigeria using the SALU 13
Table 2.1: Household Size of Respondents 25
Table 2.2: People Perceptions of the political implications of Boko Haram
Insurgency in Maiduguri 30
Table 3.1: Direct Human Casualties from the Boko Haram Insurgency in
Adamawa, Borno and Yobe States 34
Table 3.2: A Chronology of Reported Boko Haram Insurgency attacks in
North Eastern States, 2009 to August, 2017 35
Table 3.3: The implications of Boko Haram Insurgency in Maiduguri 36
Table 3.4: The Human and Economic implications of Boko Haram
insurgency in Maiduguri 37
Table 3.5: Implications of the insurgency on Educational and Commercial
Institutions 38
Statistical Annexes 83
Annex 1: Human Development Index and it’s Components 83
Annex 2: Inequality Adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) 84
Annex 3: Multi-dimensional Poverty Index (MPI) and its Components 85
Annex 4: Gender Inequality Index and its Components 86
List of Refences 87
List of figures
Fig.1.1 Nigeria Population Structure, 2016 2
Fig.1.2 Nigeria Demography – by State and Sex. 3
Fig.1.3 Map of Nigeria Showing the Location of the North-East Region 4
Fig.1.4 North East Nigeria showing the six states 6
Fig.1.5 Adamawa State showing the 21 LGAs 7
Fig.1.6 Bauchi State showing the 20 LGAs 8
Fig.1.7 Borno State showing the 27 LGAs 9
Fig.1.8 Gombe State showing the 11 LGAs 10
Fig.1.9 Taraba State showing the 16 LGAs 11
Fig.1.10 Yobe State showing the 17 LGAs 12
Fig.1.11 Receding Waters of the Lake Chad 1972 (left) and 2007 (right) 14
Fig.1.12 Cumulative Deaths by Boko Haram 2011-2018 18
Fig.2.1 Changes in Poverty Headcount ratio by region - 2004-2013 20
Fig.2.2 Changes in percent middle income 2004-2013 21
Fig.2.3 Gini Coefficient Changes 2004-2013 21
Fig.2.4 Multidimensional Poverty Index – OPHDI 2017 22
Fig.2.5 State level Multidimensional Poverty Index – UNDP 2018 23
Fig.2.6 Intensity of Poverty by region 23
Fig.2.7 State level Human Development Index – UNDP 2018 24
Fig.2.8 Perceptions about average Life Expectancy in the families in the North-Eastern
States (%) 25
Fig.2.9 Unemployment Trends (20-1016) 26
Fig.2.10 Under - and Unemployment by Age Group – Q3-2017 26
Fig.2.11 Under - and Unemployment by Gender – Q3-2017 27
Fig.2.12 Under - and Unemployment by Place of Residence- Q3-2017: 27
Fig.2.13 Under - and Unemployment by Educational Attainment – Q3-2017 27
Fig.2.14 Perceptions of Relationship Between Youth Unemployment and Insurgency (%) 28
Fig. 3.1 Number of people who lost their lives in a family in the last ten years (%) 36
Fig. 3.2 Internally Displaced Persons in Borno, Yobe and Adamawa States 39
Fig. 3.3 Easy accessibility of health care services by communities in the North Eastern
States (%) 45
Fig. 3.4 Level of Health Care Facilities in the communities in the North Eastern
States (%) 46
Fig. 3.5 Supply of Pipe born water to communities in the North Eastern States (%) 47
Fig. 3.6 Environmental Sanitation in the communities in the North Eastern States (%) 48
Fig. 3.7 Number of children enrolled in school (Primary, Secondary and Tertiary
institutions) by Sex (%) 51
Fig. 4.1 Schematic Graphic Presentation of Causes, Motivations and Justifications for
the Boko Haram Insurgency 61
Fig. 4.2 Modular Anatomy of Boko Haram Support System and Identity Framework of
Perpetrators and Enablers 63
Fig. 4.3 Schematic Illustration of Multivariable Indicators and Restorative Intervention
Measures in Respect to the Boko Haram Insurgency 71
Fig. 4.4 An Integrated Framework for Unpacking and Operationalising the Nexus in
N.E Nigeria 72 |
